Heinzel, S., Schulte, S., Onken, J., Duong, Q. Improving methodological standards in behavioral interventions for cognitive enhancement. F., Vinogradov, S., Ansorge, U., Ball, K. Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. S., Larsson, A., Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. Modality effects in verbal working memory: differential prefrontal and parietal responses to auditory and visual stimuli. Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at the construct level: gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing. The effects of dual n-back training on the components of working memory and fluid intelligence: an individual differences approach. Working memory training in healthy young adults: support for the null from a randomized comparison to active and passive control groups. Behavioural Brain Research, 334, 34–49.Ĭlark, C. Functional brain activation associated with working memory training and transfer. Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults. Expanding the mind’s workspace: training and transfer effects with a complex working memory span task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(1), 147–160.Ĭhein, J. Neural effects of short-term training on working memory. Psychological Research, 78(6), 821–835.īuschkuehl, M., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Jaeggi, S. Individual differences in cognitive plasticity: An investigation of training curves in younger and older adults. N., Ludwig, C., Chicherio, C., & De Ribaupierre, A. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 94–103.īürki, C. How feedback boosts motivation and play in a brain-training game. Psychology and aging, 25(4), 767.īurgers, C., Eden, A., van Engelenburg, M. Working memory training in older adults: evidence of transfer and maintenance effects. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1(4), 434–454.īorella, E., Carretti, B., Riboldi, F., & De Beni, R. N-back versus complex span working memory training. Personality and individual Differences, 30(6), 977–994.īeavon, P. Perspectives on fluid and crystallized intelligence: facets for verbal, numerical, and figural intelligence. Annual review of psychology, 63, 1–29.īeauducel, A., Brocke, B., & Liepmann, D. Working memory: theories, models, and controversies. Nature reviews neuroscience, 4(10), 829.īaddeley, A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis. The effects of working memory resource depletion and training on sensorimotor adaptation. Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(2), 163.Īhissar, M., & Hochstein, S. Test length and cognitive fatigue: an empirical examination of effects on performance and test-taker reactions.
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Reward improves long-term retention of a motor memory through induction of offline memory gains. M., Luckenbaugh, D., Schweighofer, N., & Cohen, L. In order to advance research on working memory training, and in particular, N-back training, more studies are needed that systematically compare training features and use common outcome measures to assess transfer effects.Ībe, M., Schambra, H., Wassermann, E. We suggest that these limitations preclude strong conclusions from published data. Extant meta-analyses have not taken into account the diversity of methodology at this level, primarily because there are too few studies using common methods to allow for a robust meta-analysis. To address this gap, here, we characterized the broad diversity of features employed in N-back training tasks and outcome measures in published working memory training studies. As such, there has been next to no discussion in the literature on what training and transfer tasks features are likely to mediate training outcomes. However, discussion of this research typically overlooks specific qualities of the training and transfer tasks. There have been numerous meta-analyses put forth to the field, some finding overall broad transfer effects while others do not. Although studies show benefits in trained and untrained tasks as a function of training, there is an ongoing debate on the efficacy of working memory training. Working memory training has been a hot topic over the last decade.
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